The Battle of Aachen was a major battle of Second World War.

 

The Battle of Aachen was a major battle of Second World War. It was fought by American and German forces in and around Aachen, Germany, between 2–21 October 1944. The city was part of the Siegfried Line, the main defence line on Germany's western border. The Allies had hoped to capture it quickly and move into the Ruhr area.

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1st telegraph link between NYC & Chicago.

 On Jun 10,1848 1st telegraph link between NYC & Chicago.

The Lake Erie Line, a T-shaped circuit extending from Buffalo via Cleveland to Detroit and from Cleveland to Pittsburgh, was in full operation by spring 1848. It was built by the Lake Erie Telegraph Co. as part of Henry O'Rielly's Atlantic, Lake & Mississippi Telegraph system. By summer 1848, the Lake Erie Line faced competition from the Erie & Michigan Telegraph Line extending from Buffalo to Milwaukee through Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago. John J. Speed and Ezra Cornell built the line under contract to F. O. J. Smith. Speed, in turn, subcontracted parts of the line to JEPTHA H. WADE. The telegraph, called the magnetic telegraph or lightning line, was hailed as a communications breakthrough. Its most important service was to convey news, especially business news such as stock market quotations, and political news such as election returns. But in the beginning, expectations were disappointed by poor service. Like most early telegraph lines, the Lake Erie and Erie & Michigan lines were built hastily, using cheap materials and poor insulators. The telegraph columns of the newspapers frequently contained apologies instead of the latest news.

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 Friday, July 21, 1944

The days that marked the Battle of Normandy
Operation Good wood ends in the southwest of Caen. The British advanced only 11 kilometers while several thousand tons of bombs were sent to German positions. 3,600 men and 469 allied tanks were put out of action and the town of Falsies, which was one of Good wood’s objectives, is far from being reached. However, despite reports of little encouragement, General Montgomery expressed his satisfaction. The Germans sent many tanks to the south-east of Caen, allowing the US forces to break south in the days that followed.

There is still no air support possible in Normandy, due to the heavy rains that fall on Normandy. The Americans are preparing to launch their big offensive, codenamed Cobra, and limit confrontations with German forces, who take advantage of them to try to refuel. The Germans are severely tried in the area of ​​Saint-Lô, and their incredible resistance to this city now brings serious problems because the troops are exhausted, and so is their ammunition. In anticipation of operation Cobra, which will begin in the next few days, when the rain has given way to good weather, the 8th Infantry Division is organizing numerous reconnaissances on 21 July east of Saint-Lô.

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NASA civilian pilot Neil Armstrong takes X-15 to 40,690m

On 17 January 1962
NASA civilian pilot Neil Armstrong takes X-15 to 40,690m.

The X-15 was to explore the problems of ballistic flight, winged reentry, and gliding recovery from space. It was a stepping stone to later developments - either an X-15 launched atop Navaho G-26 boosters, an X-15 scramjet version, or the X-20 - that would lead to manned orbital spaceflight. This stepping-stone approach was abandoned and the crash programs of Mercury and Apollo initiated instead, using ballistic capsules for crew recovery. Once these projects were over America returned to its original course and developed the winged space shuttle as its manned spacecraft.

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Julius II excommunicated the city-state of Venice

 On 27 April 1509 pope Julius II excommunicated the city-state of Venice, with which he was at war for possession of territories in Romagna. Pope Julius II, born Giuliana Della Revere, is famous as the ‘Warrior Pope,’ but he was also a patron of the arts. He demolished Old St Peter’s and began its reconstruction on the basis of new projects, and employed artists and architects like Bramante, Raphael, Michelangelo and Giulio Rom
ano. Several of Michelangelo’s greatest works were commissioned by Julius II, including the Sistine Chapel and the pope’s monumental tomb completed after Michelangelo’s death.

Reference: Alessandro Pastore, “
Giulio II.” Enciclopedia dei Papi, Encyclopedia Treccani.

Raphael, Portrait of Julius II, 1511, oil on poplar. National Gallery, London.

Melozzo da Forlì, Sixtus IV Nominates Platina Prefect of the Vatican Library, detail of Giuliano della Rovere as cardinal (left) and his uncle Sixtus IV, 1477, fresco. Vatican Palace, Rome. 

Michelangelo and assistants, Tomb for Julius II, 1505-1545, marble. San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome.

Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel ceiling, 1508-1512, fresco. Vatican Palace, Rome.

Article collected from: Italian Art Society  

Apollo 11: Neil Armstrong becomes the first person to step on the Moon

 1969 Apollo 11: Neil Armstrong becomes the first person to step on the Moon at 2:56:15 AM (GMT)

At 10:56 p.m. EDT, American astronaut Neil Armstrong, 240,000 miles from Earth, speaks these words to more than a billion people listening at home: “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” Stepping off the lunar landing module Eagle, Armstrong became the first human to walk on the surface of the moon.

The American effort to send astronauts to the moon has its origins in a famous appeal President John F. Kennedy made to a special joint session of Congress on May 25, 1961: “I believe this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth.” At the time, the United States was still trailing the Soviet Union in space developments, and Cold War-era America welcomed Kennedy’s bold proposal.

In 1966, after five years of work by an international team of scientists and engineers, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) conducted the first unmanned Apollo mission, testing the structural integrity of the proposed launch vehicle and spacecraft combination. Then, on January 27, 1967, tragedy struck at Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, when a fire broke out during a manned launch-pad test of the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn rocket. Three astronauts were killed in the fire.

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ntoday #neilarmstrong
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Walter Elias Disney born in December 5,1901in Chicago

 

Walter Elias Disney born in December 5,1901in Chicago .He was an American entrepreneur, animator, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons. As a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors. Several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. Disney developed an early interest in drawing. He took art classes as a boy and got a job as a commercial illustrator at the age of 18. He moved to California in the early 1920s and set up the Disney Brothers Studio with his brother Roy. With UB IWork's, Walt developed the character Mickey Mouse in 1928, his first highly popular success; he also provided the voice for his creation in the early years. As the studio grew, Disney became more adventurous, introducing synchronized sound, full-color three-strip Technicolor, feature-length cartoons and technical developments in cameras. The results, seen in features such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), Pinocchio, Fantasia (both 1940), Dumbo (1941), and Bambi (1942), furthered the development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful Cinderella (1950) and Mary Poppins (1964), the latter of which received five Academy Awards.

First Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to Wilhelm Rontgen for his discovery of X-rays

1901 First Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to Wilhelm Rontgen for his discovery of X-rays.

Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen was a physicist who had little time for publicity. Like all other scientists the professor from Wurzburg University in Franconia always sought recognition from his peers, but Röntgen rarely appeared at scientific conferences or wrote papers, let alone promoted his research findings outside of his field. All this changed after Rontgen’s accidental discovery of X-rays sparked a media storm that meant his findings would have an impact like no other before it.

On the evening of 8 November 1895, Rontgen was in his laboratory studying how cathode-ray tubes emit light. His attention was distracted by a glowing fluorescent screen that was too far from the tube to be affected by the cathode rays. Rontgen didn’t leave his lab for weeks as he tried to investigate the source of the glow. He discovered that the impact of cathode rays on the glass vacuum tube was generating a new kind of invisible ray. The rays had extraordinary penetrative power – they could travel long distances and make the screen glow, even when cardboard, wood, copper and aluminum were placed in the way – and could be recorded on photographic plates.

Rontgen knew immediately that he had to forego his natural reticence and disseminate this important discovery to the scientific community as soon as possible. Over Christmas, he wrote a 10-page article entitled “On a new kind of rays”, which was accepted by the Proceedings of the Wurzburg Physical-Medical Society on 28 December. Rontgen named the discovery X-radiation, or X-rays, after the mathematical term ‘X’ that denotes something unknown. (He always preferred this term, even though other researchers insisted on calling it Rontgen rays.

Rontgen’s silence could not affect his discovery spreading far and wide within the scientific, and even non-scientific, literature.

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historyintoday #firstnobleprize #invention

Apple Computer Inc names co-founder Steve Jobs

 On this day, 16 September 1997,

Apple Computer Inc names co-founder Steve Jobs interim CEO. An Inventor, entrepreneur and businessman, Jobs co-founded Apple Computer from his parents' garage in 1976, then went on to found NeXT and Pixar before returning to Apple in 1996.

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Adolf Hitler quit the Nazi Party due to disagreements with the party executive committee.

11 Jul 1921 Germany Adolf Hitler quit the Nazi Party due to disagreements with the party executive committee. In Jul 1921, Hitler traveled to Augsburg to meet with leaders of other nationalist groups in attempt to unify their efforts. He was actually not selected by Nazi Party executive committee to represent the party at this meeting, thus attended without a formal invitation. During the meeting, he clashed with fellow party members, leading to his quitting of the party. Whether his departure was intentional or not, the result was that the party executive committee realized Hitler had become a vital part of the party, and without him the party would likely fall into obscurity. Drexler negotiated with Hitler for his return, and Hitler was receptive, but made the demand that Hitler was to be made the sole dictatorial leader of the party.
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75 Years Ago—July 11, 1943: German Luftwaffe bombers attack Allied invasion fleet off Sicily.

On the heels of Luftwaffe attack, US ships fire on US C-47s loaded with paratroopers, one of the worst fratricidal incidents of the war; 23 C-47s lost, 318 casualties.

At Gela, Sicily, US cruisers and destroyers halt a German armored counterattack.

American Red Cross field director James Shaw rescues men from sinking landing ship USS LST-158 off Licata, Sicily under German air attack; he will be awarded the Silver Star, the first for a Red Cross member in WWII.
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